In physics, radiation describes any process in which energy travels through a medium or through space, ultimately to be absorbed by another body. Non-physicists often associate the word with ionizing radiation (e.g., as occurring in nuclear weapons, nuclear reactors, and radioactive substances), but it can also refer to electromagnetic radiation (i.e., radio waves, infrared light, visible light, ultraviolet light, and X-rays) which can also be ionizing radiation, to acoustic radiation, or to other more obscure processes. What makes it radiation is that the energy radiates (i.e., it travels outward in straight lines in all directions) from the source. This geometry naturally leads to a system of measurements and physical units that are equally applicable to all types of radiation. Some radiations can be hazardous.
THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF RAIDIATIONS
Alpha radiation
Alpha (α) decay is a method of decay in large nuclei. An alpha particle (helium nucleus, He2+), consisting of 2 neutrons and 2 protons, is emitted. Because of the particle's relatively high charge, it is heavily ionizing and will cause severe damage if ingested. However, due to the high mass of the particle, it has little energy and a low range; typically alpha particles can be stopped with a sheet of paper (or skin).
Beta(+/-) radiation
Beta-minus (β-) radiation consists of an energetic electron. It is less ionizing than alpha radiation, but more than gamma. The electrons can often be stopped with a few centimeters of metal. It occurs when a neutron decays into a proton in a nucleus, releasing the beta particle and an antineutrino.
Beta-plus (β+) radiation is the emission of positrons. Because these are antimatter particles, they annihilate any matter nearby, releasing gamma photons.
Gamma radiation
Gamma (γ) radiation consists of photons with a frequency of greater than 1019 Hz[1]. Gamma radiation occurs to rid the decaying nucleus of excess energy after it has emitted either alpha or beta radiation.
Saturday, March 27, 2010
Friday, March 26, 2010
HISTORY OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS
Following in the wake of the failed League of Nations (1919–1946), which the United States never joined, the United Nations was established in 1945 to maintain international peace and promote cooperation in solving international economic, social and humanitarian problems. The earliest concrete plan for a new world organization was begun under the aegis of the U.S. State Department in 1939. Franklin D. Roosevelt first coined the term 'United Nations' as a term to describe the Allied countries. The term was first officially used on 1 January 1942 when 26 governments signed the Atlantic Charter, pledging to continue the war effort. On 25 April 1945, the UN Conference on International Organization began in San Francisco, attended by 50 governments and a number of non-governmental organizations involved in drafting the Charter of the United Nations. The UN officially came into existence on 24 October 1945 upon ratification of the Charter by the five permanent members of the Security Council—France, the Republic of China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States—and by a majority of the other 46 signatories. The first meetings of the General Assembly, with 51 nations represented, and the Security Council, took place in Westminster Central Hall in London in January 1946.
Since its creation, there has been controversy and criticism of the UN organization. In the United States, an early opponent of the UN was the John Birch Society, which began a "get US out of the UN" campaign in 1959, charging that the UN's aim was to establish a "One World Government." After the Second World War, the French Committee of National Liberation was late to be recognized by the US as the government of France, and so the country was initially excluded from the conferences that aimed at creating the new organization. Charles de Gaulle criticized the UN, famously calling it le machin ("the thingie"), and was not convinced that a global security alliance would help maintaining world peace, preferring direct defence treaties between countries.
Since its creation, there has been controversy and criticism of the UN organization. In the United States, an early opponent of the UN was the John Birch Society, which began a "get US out of the UN" campaign in 1959, charging that the UN's aim was to establish a "One World Government." After the Second World War, the French Committee of National Liberation was late to be recognized by the US as the government of France, and so the country was initially excluded from the conferences that aimed at creating the new organization. Charles de Gaulle criticized the UN, famously calling it le machin ("the thingie"), and was not convinced that a global security alliance would help maintaining world peace, preferring direct defence treaties between countries.
THE UNITED NATIONS
The United Nations Organization (UNO) or simply United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and the achieving of world peace. The UN was founded in 1945 after World War II to replace the League of Nations, to stop wars between countries, and to provide a platform for dialogue. It contains multiple subsidiary organizations to carry out its missions.
There are currently 192 member states, including nearly every sovereign state in the world. From its offices around the world, the UN and its specialized agencies decide on substantive and administrative issues in regular meetings held throughout the year. The organization has six principal organs: the General Assembly (the main deliberative assembly); the Security Council (for deciding certain resolutions for peace and security); the Economic and Social Council (for assisting in promoting international economic and social cooperation and development); the Secretariat (for providing studies, information, and facilities needed by the UN); the International Court of Justice (the primary judicial organ); and the United Nations Trusteeship Council (which is currently inactive). Other prominent UN System agencies include the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Food Programme (WFP) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). The UN's most visible public figure is the Secretary-General, currently Ban Ki-moon of South Korea, who attained the post in 2007. The organization is financed from assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states, and has six official languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish.
There are currently 192 member states, including nearly every sovereign state in the world. From its offices around the world, the UN and its specialized agencies decide on substantive and administrative issues in regular meetings held throughout the year. The organization has six principal organs: the General Assembly (the main deliberative assembly); the Security Council (for deciding certain resolutions for peace and security); the Economic and Social Council (for assisting in promoting international economic and social cooperation and development); the Secretariat (for providing studies, information, and facilities needed by the UN); the International Court of Justice (the primary judicial organ); and the United Nations Trusteeship Council (which is currently inactive). Other prominent UN System agencies include the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Food Programme (WFP) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). The UN's most visible public figure is the Secretary-General, currently Ban Ki-moon of South Korea, who attained the post in 2007. The organization is financed from assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states, and has six official languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish.
THE FAILURE OF THE LEAGUE
While the League of Nations could celebrate its successes, the League had every reason to examine its failures and where it went wrong. These failures, especially in the 1930’s, cruelly exposed the weaknesses of the League of Nations and played a part in the outbreak of World War Two in 1939. During the 1920’s the failures of the League of Nations were essentially small-scale and did not threaten world peace. However they did set a marker – that the League of Nations could not solve problems if the protagonists did not ‘play the game’.
Article 11 of the League’s Covenant stated: "Any war or threat of war is a matter of concern to the whole League and the League shall take action that may safeguard peace."
Therefore, any conflict between nations, which ended in war and the victory of one state over another, had to be viewed as a failure by the League.
The first crisis the League had to face was in north Italy In 1919, Italian nationalists, angered that the "Big Three" had, in their opinion, broken promises to Italy at the Treaty of Versailles, captured the small port of Fiume. The Treaty of Versailles had given this port to Yugoslavia. For 15 months, an Italian nationalist called d’Annunzio governed Fiume. The newly created League did nothing. The situation was solved by the Italian government who could not accept that d’Annunzio was seemingly more popular than they were – so they bombarded the port of Fiume and enforced a surrender. In all this the League played no part despite the fact that it had just been set up with the specific task of maintaining peace.
The next crisis the League faced was at Teschen, which was a small town between Poland and Czechoslovakia. Its main importance was that it had valuable coalmines there, which both the Poles and the Czechs wanted. As both were newly created nations, both wanted to make their respective economies as strong as possible and the acquisition of rich coal mines would certainly help in this respect.
In January 1919, Polish and Czech troops fought in the streets of Teschen. Many died. The League was called on to help and decided that the bulk of the town should go to Poland while Czechoslovakia should have one of Teschen’s suburbs. This suburb contained the most valuable coalmines and the Poles refused to accept this decision. Though no more wholesale violence took place, the two countries continued to argue over the issue for the next twenty years.
Many years before 1920, Vilna had been taken over by Russia. Historically, Vilna had been the capital of Lithuania when the state had existed in the Middle Ages. After World War One, Lithuania had been re-established and Vilna seemed the natural choice for its capital.
However, by 1920, 30% of the population was from Poland with Lithuanians only making up 2% of the city’s population. In 1920, the Poles seized Vilna. Lithuania asked for League help but the Poles could not be persuaded to leave the city. Vilna stayed in Polish hands until the outbreak of World War Two. The use of force by the Poles had won.
In 1920, Poland invaded land held by the Russians. The Poles quickly overwhelmed the Russian army and made a swift advance into Russia. By 1921, the Russians had no choice but to sign the Treaty of Riga, which handed over to Poland nearly 80,000 square kilometres of Russian land. This one treaty all but doubled the size of Poland.
What did the League do about this violation of another country by Poland?
The answer is simple – nothing. Russia by 1919 was communist and this "plague from the East" was greatly feared by the West. In fact, Britain, France and America sent troops to attack Russia after the League had been set up. Winston Churchill, the British War Minister, stated openly that the plan was to strangle Communist Russia at birth. Once again, to outsiders, it seemed as if League members were selecting which countries were acceptable and ones that were not. The Allied invasion of Russia was a failure and it only served to make Communist Russia even more antagonistic to the West.
The Treaty of Versailles had ordered Weimar Germany to pay reparations for war damages. These could either be paid in money or in kind (goods to the value of a set amount). In 1922, the Germans failed to pay an instalment. They claimed that they simply could not rather than did not want to. The Allies refused to accept this and the anti-German feeling at this time was still strong. Both the French and the Belgium’s believed that some form of strong action was needed to ‘teach Germany a lesson’.
In 1923, contrary to League rules, the French and the Belgium’s invaded the Ruhr – Germany’s most important industrial zone. Within Europe, France was seen as a senior League member – like Britain – and the anti-German feeling that was felt throughout Europe allowed both France and Belgium to break their own rules as were introduced by the League. Here were two League members clearly breaking League rules and nothing was done about it.
For the League to enforce its will, it needed the support of its major backers in Europe, Britain and France. Yet France was one of the invaders and Britain was a major supporter of her. To other nations, it seemed that if you wanted to break League rules, you could. Few countries criticised what France and Belgium did. But the example they set for others in future years was obvious. The League clearly failed on this occasion, primarily because it was seen to be involved in breaking its own rules.
The border between Italy and Albania was far from clear and the Treaty of Versailles had never really addressed this issue. It was a constant source of irritation between both nations.
In 1923, a mixed nationality survey team was sent out to settle the issue. Whilst travelling to the disputed area, the Italian section of the survey team became separated from the main party. The five Italians were shot by gunmen who had been in hiding.
Italy accused Greece of planning the whole incident and demanded payment of a large fine. Greece refused to pay up. In response, the Italians sent its navy to the Greek island of Corfu and bombarded the coastline. Greece appealed to the League for help but Italy, lead by Benito Mussolini, persuaded the League via the Conference of Ambassadors, to fine Greece 50 million lire.
To follow up this success, Mussolini invited the Yugoslavian government to discuss ownership of Fiume. The Treaty of Versailles had given Fiume to Yugoslavia but with the evidence of a bombarded Corfu, the Yugoslavs handed over the port to Italy with little problem.
All of these failures were secondary to the two major ones in the 1930’s. What they did show the world was that the League could not enforce a settlement if it did not have the ability to do so and dictators were keen to exploit this where they could. Prior to the troubles experienced in Western Europe in the 1930’s, the League had to deal with two major problems and it fell down on both – Manchuria and Abyssinia.
Article 11 of the League’s Covenant stated: "Any war or threat of war is a matter of concern to the whole League and the League shall take action that may safeguard peace."
Therefore, any conflict between nations, which ended in war and the victory of one state over another, had to be viewed as a failure by the League.
The first crisis the League had to face was in north Italy In 1919, Italian nationalists, angered that the "Big Three" had, in their opinion, broken promises to Italy at the Treaty of Versailles, captured the small port of Fiume. The Treaty of Versailles had given this port to Yugoslavia. For 15 months, an Italian nationalist called d’Annunzio governed Fiume. The newly created League did nothing. The situation was solved by the Italian government who could not accept that d’Annunzio was seemingly more popular than they were – so they bombarded the port of Fiume and enforced a surrender. In all this the League played no part despite the fact that it had just been set up with the specific task of maintaining peace.
The next crisis the League faced was at Teschen, which was a small town between Poland and Czechoslovakia. Its main importance was that it had valuable coalmines there, which both the Poles and the Czechs wanted. As both were newly created nations, both wanted to make their respective economies as strong as possible and the acquisition of rich coal mines would certainly help in this respect.
In January 1919, Polish and Czech troops fought in the streets of Teschen. Many died. The League was called on to help and decided that the bulk of the town should go to Poland while Czechoslovakia should have one of Teschen’s suburbs. This suburb contained the most valuable coalmines and the Poles refused to accept this decision. Though no more wholesale violence took place, the two countries continued to argue over the issue for the next twenty years.
Many years before 1920, Vilna had been taken over by Russia. Historically, Vilna had been the capital of Lithuania when the state had existed in the Middle Ages. After World War One, Lithuania had been re-established and Vilna seemed the natural choice for its capital.
However, by 1920, 30% of the population was from Poland with Lithuanians only making up 2% of the city’s population. In 1920, the Poles seized Vilna. Lithuania asked for League help but the Poles could not be persuaded to leave the city. Vilna stayed in Polish hands until the outbreak of World War Two. The use of force by the Poles had won.
In 1920, Poland invaded land held by the Russians. The Poles quickly overwhelmed the Russian army and made a swift advance into Russia. By 1921, the Russians had no choice but to sign the Treaty of Riga, which handed over to Poland nearly 80,000 square kilometres of Russian land. This one treaty all but doubled the size of Poland.
What did the League do about this violation of another country by Poland?
The answer is simple – nothing. Russia by 1919 was communist and this "plague from the East" was greatly feared by the West. In fact, Britain, France and America sent troops to attack Russia after the League had been set up. Winston Churchill, the British War Minister, stated openly that the plan was to strangle Communist Russia at birth. Once again, to outsiders, it seemed as if League members were selecting which countries were acceptable and ones that were not. The Allied invasion of Russia was a failure and it only served to make Communist Russia even more antagonistic to the West.
The Treaty of Versailles had ordered Weimar Germany to pay reparations for war damages. These could either be paid in money or in kind (goods to the value of a set amount). In 1922, the Germans failed to pay an instalment. They claimed that they simply could not rather than did not want to. The Allies refused to accept this and the anti-German feeling at this time was still strong. Both the French and the Belgium’s believed that some form of strong action was needed to ‘teach Germany a lesson’.
In 1923, contrary to League rules, the French and the Belgium’s invaded the Ruhr – Germany’s most important industrial zone. Within Europe, France was seen as a senior League member – like Britain – and the anti-German feeling that was felt throughout Europe allowed both France and Belgium to break their own rules as were introduced by the League. Here were two League members clearly breaking League rules and nothing was done about it.
For the League to enforce its will, it needed the support of its major backers in Europe, Britain and France. Yet France was one of the invaders and Britain was a major supporter of her. To other nations, it seemed that if you wanted to break League rules, you could. Few countries criticised what France and Belgium did. But the example they set for others in future years was obvious. The League clearly failed on this occasion, primarily because it was seen to be involved in breaking its own rules.
The border between Italy and Albania was far from clear and the Treaty of Versailles had never really addressed this issue. It was a constant source of irritation between both nations.
In 1923, a mixed nationality survey team was sent out to settle the issue. Whilst travelling to the disputed area, the Italian section of the survey team became separated from the main party. The five Italians were shot by gunmen who had been in hiding.
Italy accused Greece of planning the whole incident and demanded payment of a large fine. Greece refused to pay up. In response, the Italians sent its navy to the Greek island of Corfu and bombarded the coastline. Greece appealed to the League for help but Italy, lead by Benito Mussolini, persuaded the League via the Conference of Ambassadors, to fine Greece 50 million lire.
To follow up this success, Mussolini invited the Yugoslavian government to discuss ownership of Fiume. The Treaty of Versailles had given Fiume to Yugoslavia but with the evidence of a bombarded Corfu, the Yugoslavs handed over the port to Italy with little problem.
All of these failures were secondary to the two major ones in the 1930’s. What they did show the world was that the League could not enforce a settlement if it did not have the ability to do so and dictators were keen to exploit this where they could. Prior to the troubles experienced in Western Europe in the 1930’s, the League had to deal with two major problems and it fell down on both – Manchuria and Abyssinia.
THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS
The League of Nations (LON) was an inter-governmental organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919–1920, and the precursor to the United Nations. At its greatest extent from 28 September 1934 to 23 February 1935, it had 58 members. The League's primary goals as stated in its Covenant included preventing war through collective security, disarmament, and settling international disputes through negotiation and arbitration. Other goals in this and related treaties included labor conditions, just treatment of native inhabitants, trafficking in persons and drugs, arms trade, global health, prisoners of war, and protection of minorities in Europe.
The diplomatic philosophy behind the League represented a fundamental shift in thought from the preceding hundred years. The League lacked its own armed force and so depended on the Great Powers to enforce its resolutions, keep to economic sanctions which the League ordered, or provide an army, when needed, for the League to use. However, they were often reluctant to do so.
Sanctions could also hurt the League members, so they were reluctant to comply with them. When, during the Second Italo-Abyssinian War, the League accused Benito Mussolini's soldiers of targeting Red Cross medical tents, Mussolini responded that Ethiopians were not fully human, therefore the human rights laws did not apply. Benito Mussolini stated that "The League is very well when sparrows shout, but no good at all when eagles fall out."
After a number of notable successes and some early failures in the 1920s, the League ultimately proved incapable of preventing aggression by the Axis powers in the 1930s. In May 1933, the League was powerless to convince Adolf Hitler that Franz Bernheim, a Jew, was protected under the minority clauses established by the League in 1919 (that all minorities were fully human and held equal rights among all men).
Hitler claimed these clauses violated Germany's sovereignty. Germany withdrew from the League, soon to be followed by many other aggressive powers. The onset of World War II showed that the League had failed its primary purpose, which was to avoid any future world war. The United Nations replaced it after the end of the war and inherited a number of agencies and organizations founded by the League.
The diplomatic philosophy behind the League represented a fundamental shift in thought from the preceding hundred years. The League lacked its own armed force and so depended on the Great Powers to enforce its resolutions, keep to economic sanctions which the League ordered, or provide an army, when needed, for the League to use. However, they were often reluctant to do so.
Sanctions could also hurt the League members, so they were reluctant to comply with them. When, during the Second Italo-Abyssinian War, the League accused Benito Mussolini's soldiers of targeting Red Cross medical tents, Mussolini responded that Ethiopians were not fully human, therefore the human rights laws did not apply. Benito Mussolini stated that "The League is very well when sparrows shout, but no good at all when eagles fall out."
After a number of notable successes and some early failures in the 1920s, the League ultimately proved incapable of preventing aggression by the Axis powers in the 1930s. In May 1933, the League was powerless to convince Adolf Hitler that Franz Bernheim, a Jew, was protected under the minority clauses established by the League in 1919 (that all minorities were fully human and held equal rights among all men).
Hitler claimed these clauses violated Germany's sovereignty. Germany withdrew from the League, soon to be followed by many other aggressive powers. The onset of World War II showed that the League had failed its primary purpose, which was to avoid any future world war. The United Nations replaced it after the end of the war and inherited a number of agencies and organizations founded by the League.
Thursday, March 18, 2010
HEAT
In physics and thermodynamics, heat is the process of energy transfer from one body or system due to thermal contact, which in turn is defined as an energy transfer to a body in any other way than due to work performed on the body.
A related term is thermal energy, loosely defined as the energy of a body that increases with its temperature. Heat is also loosely referred to as thermal energy, although many definitions require this thermal energy to actually be in the process of movement between one body and another to be technically called heat (otherwise, many sources prefer to continue to refer to the static quantity as "thermal energy"). Heat is a form of Energy, but energy is not nectscarily heat[citation needed].
Energy transfer by heat can occur between objects by radiation, conduction and convection. Temperature is used as a measure of the internal energy or enthalpy, that is the level of elementary motion giving rise to heat transfer. Energy can only be transferred by heat between objects - or areas within an object - with different temperatures (as given by the zeroth law of thermodynamics). This transfer happens spontaneously only in the direction of the colder body (as per the second law of thermodynamics). The transfer of energy by heat from one object to another object with an equal or higher temperature can happen only with the aid of a heat pump via mechanical work.
A related term is thermal energy, loosely defined as the energy of a body that increases with its temperature. Heat is also loosely referred to as thermal energy, although many definitions require this thermal energy to actually be in the process of movement between one body and another to be technically called heat (otherwise, many sources prefer to continue to refer to the static quantity as "thermal energy"). Heat is a form of Energy, but energy is not nectscarily heat[citation needed].
Energy transfer by heat can occur between objects by radiation, conduction and convection. Temperature is used as a measure of the internal energy or enthalpy, that is the level of elementary motion giving rise to heat transfer. Energy can only be transferred by heat between objects - or areas within an object - with different temperatures (as given by the zeroth law of thermodynamics). This transfer happens spontaneously only in the direction of the colder body (as per the second law of thermodynamics). The transfer of energy by heat from one object to another object with an equal or higher temperature can happen only with the aid of a heat pump via mechanical work.
WIND ENERGY
Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy, such as using wind turbines to make electricity, wind mills for mechanical power, wind pumps for pumping water or drainage, or sails to propel ships.
At the end of 2009, worldwide nameplate capacity of wind-powered generators was 159.2 gigawatts (GW). Energy production was 340 TWh, which is about 2% of worldwide electricity usage; and is growing rapidly, having doubled in the past three years. Several countries have achieved relatively high levels of wind power penetration (with large governmental subsidies), such as 19% of stationary electricity production in Denmark, 13% in Spain and Portugal, and 7% in Germany and the Republic of Ireland in 2008. As of May 2009, eighty countries around the world are using wind power on a commercial basis.
Large-scale wind farms are connected to the electric power transmission network; smaller facilities are used to provide electricity to isolated locations. Utility companies increasingly buy back surplus electricity produced by small domestic turbines. Wind energy as a power source is attractive as an alternative to fossil fuels, because it is plentiful, renewable, widely distributed, clean, and produces no greenhouse gas emissions. However, the construction of wind farms is not universally welcomed because of their visual impact and other effects on the environment.
Wind power is non-dispatchable, meaning that for economic operation, all of the available output must be taken when it is available. Other resources, such as hydropower, and standard load management techniques must be used to match supply with demand. The intermittency of wind seldom creates problems when using wind power to supply a low proportion of total demand.
At the end of 2009, worldwide nameplate capacity of wind-powered generators was 159.2 gigawatts (GW). Energy production was 340 TWh, which is about 2% of worldwide electricity usage; and is growing rapidly, having doubled in the past three years. Several countries have achieved relatively high levels of wind power penetration (with large governmental subsidies), such as 19% of stationary electricity production in Denmark, 13% in Spain and Portugal, and 7% in Germany and the Republic of Ireland in 2008. As of May 2009, eighty countries around the world are using wind power on a commercial basis.
Large-scale wind farms are connected to the electric power transmission network; smaller facilities are used to provide electricity to isolated locations. Utility companies increasingly buy back surplus electricity produced by small domestic turbines. Wind energy as a power source is attractive as an alternative to fossil fuels, because it is plentiful, renewable, widely distributed, clean, and produces no greenhouse gas emissions. However, the construction of wind farms is not universally welcomed because of their visual impact and other effects on the environment.
Wind power is non-dispatchable, meaning that for economic operation, all of the available output must be taken when it is available. Other resources, such as hydropower, and standard load management techniques must be used to match supply with demand. The intermittency of wind seldom creates problems when using wind power to supply a low proportion of total demand.
NUCLEAR ENERGY
Nuclear energy is released by the splitting (fission) or merging together (fusion) of the nuclei of atom(s). The conversion of nuclear mass to energy is consistent with the mass-energy equivalence formula ΔE = Δm.c², in which ΔE = energy release, Δm = mass defect, and c = the speed of light in a vacuum (a physical constant). Nuclear energy was first discovered by French physicist Henri Becquerel in 1896, when he found that photographic plates stored in the dark near uranium were blackened like X-ray plates, which had been just recently discovered at the time 1894.
Nuclear chemistry can be used as a form of alchemy to turn lead into gold or change any atom to any other atom (albeit through many steps). Radionuclide (radioisotope) production often involves irradiation of another isotope (or more precisely a nuclide), with alpha particles, beta particles, or gamma rays. Iron has the highest binding energy per nucleon of any atom. If an atom of lower average binding energy is changed into an atom of higher average binding energy, energy is given off. The chart shows that fusion of hydrogen, the combination to form heavier atoms, releases energy, as does fission of uranium, the breaking up of a larger nucleus into smaller parts. Stability varies between isotopes: the isotope U-235 is much less stable than the more common U-238.
Nuclear chemistry can be used as a form of alchemy to turn lead into gold or change any atom to any other atom (albeit through many steps). Radionuclide (radioisotope) production often involves irradiation of another isotope (or more precisely a nuclide), with alpha particles, beta particles, or gamma rays. Iron has the highest binding energy per nucleon of any atom. If an atom of lower average binding energy is changed into an atom of higher average binding energy, energy is given off. The chart shows that fusion of hydrogen, the combination to form heavier atoms, releases energy, as does fission of uranium, the breaking up of a larger nucleus into smaller parts. Stability varies between isotopes: the isotope U-235 is much less stable than the more common U-238.
Wednesday, March 17, 2010
ENERGY FROM THE SUN
About half the incoming solar energy reaches the Earth's surface.
The Earth receives 174 petawatts (PW) of incoming solar radiation (insolation) at the upper atmosphere. Approximately 30% is reflected back to space while the rest is absorbed by clouds, oceans and land masses. The spectrum of solar light at the Earth's surface is mostly spread across the visible and near-infrared ranges with a small part in the near-ultraviolet.
Earth's land surface, oceans and atmosphere absorb solar radiation, and this raises their temperature. Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises, causing atmospheric circulation or convection. When the air reaches a high altitude, where the temperature is low, water vapor condenses into clouds, which rain onto the Earth's surface, completing the water cycle. The latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection, producing atmospheric phenomena such as wind, cyclones and anti-cyclones. Sunlight absorbed by the oceans and land masses keeps the surface at an average temperature of 14 °C. By photosynthesis green plants convert solar energy into chemical energy, which produces food, wood and the biomass from which fossil fuels are derived.
The total solar energy absorbed by Earth's atmosphere, oceans and land masses is approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year. In 2002, this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year. Photosynthesis captures approximately 3,000 EJ per year in biomass. The amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet is so vast that in one year it is about twice as much as will ever be obtained from all of the Earth's non-renewable resources of coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined.
From the table of resources it would appear that solar, wind or biomass would be sufficient to supply all of our energy needs, however, the increased use of biomass has had a negative effect on global warming and dramatically increased food prices by diverting forests and crops into biofuel production. As intermittent resources, solar and wind raise other issues.
Solar energy can be harnessed in different levels around the world. Depending on a geographical location the closer to the equator the more "potential" solar energy is available.
The Earth receives 174 petawatts (PW) of incoming solar radiation (insolation) at the upper atmosphere. Approximately 30% is reflected back to space while the rest is absorbed by clouds, oceans and land masses. The spectrum of solar light at the Earth's surface is mostly spread across the visible and near-infrared ranges with a small part in the near-ultraviolet.
Earth's land surface, oceans and atmosphere absorb solar radiation, and this raises their temperature. Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises, causing atmospheric circulation or convection. When the air reaches a high altitude, where the temperature is low, water vapor condenses into clouds, which rain onto the Earth's surface, completing the water cycle. The latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection, producing atmospheric phenomena such as wind, cyclones and anti-cyclones. Sunlight absorbed by the oceans and land masses keeps the surface at an average temperature of 14 °C. By photosynthesis green plants convert solar energy into chemical energy, which produces food, wood and the biomass from which fossil fuels are derived.
The total solar energy absorbed by Earth's atmosphere, oceans and land masses is approximately 3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year. In 2002, this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year. Photosynthesis captures approximately 3,000 EJ per year in biomass. The amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet is so vast that in one year it is about twice as much as will ever be obtained from all of the Earth's non-renewable resources of coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined.
From the table of resources it would appear that solar, wind or biomass would be sufficient to supply all of our energy needs, however, the increased use of biomass has had a negative effect on global warming and dramatically increased food prices by diverting forests and crops into biofuel production. As intermittent resources, solar and wind raise other issues.
Solar energy can be harnessed in different levels around the world. Depending on a geographical location the closer to the equator the more "potential" solar energy is available.
SOLAR ENERGY
Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, has been harnessed by humans since ancient times using a range of ever-evolving technologies. Solar radiation, along with secondary solar-powered resources such as wind and wave power, hydroelectricity and biomass, account for most of the available renewable energy on earth. Only a minuscule fraction of the available solar energy is used.
Solar powered electrical generation relies on heat engines and photovoltaics. Solar energy's uses are limited only by human ingenuity. A partial list of solar applications includes space heating and cooling through solar architecture, potable water via distillation and disinfection, daylighting, solar hot water, solar cooking, and high temperature process heat for industrial purposes.To harvest the solar energy, the most common way is to use solar panels.
Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air.
Solar powered electrical generation relies on heat engines and photovoltaics. Solar energy's uses are limited only by human ingenuity. A partial list of solar applications includes space heating and cooling through solar architecture, potable water via distillation and disinfection, daylighting, solar hot water, solar cooking, and high temperature process heat for industrial purposes.To harvest the solar energy, the most common way is to use solar panels.
Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air.
Wednesday, March 3, 2010
UNION OF UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
STEPS TOWARDS UNION
THE DECLARATION OF THE FORMATION OF THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES ON THE 2nd OF DECEMBER 1971, WAS A GREAT EVENT IN THE HISTORY OF THE AREA, BECAUSE IT MEANT UNITY AND STRENGTH FOR THE ARAB NATION.
IN FEBRUARY 1968, THE RULERS OF ABU DHABI AND DUBAI HELD A MEETION TO DISCUSS UNITY BETWEEN THEIR TWO EMIRATES. THE MEETING WAS FOLLOWED BY A CALL TO THE RULERS OF THE OTHER EMIRATES IN THE GULF TO MEET TOGETHER AND DISCUSS THE ISSUE OF UNITY.
THE RULER OF SEVEN EMIRATES CALL THE QATAR AND BAHRAIN RULERS TO JOINED THEM.
ON THE 2nd DECEMBER 1971 THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES WAS ANNOUNCED AND ITS TEMPORARY CONSTITUTION ORGANIZE THE STATE, IT AUTHORITIES AND ITS TYPE OF RULE. AND HIS HIGHNESS SHEIKH ZAYED BIN SULTAN AL NAHYAN WAS ELECTED PRESIDENT OF THE COUNTRY, AND HIS HIGHNESS SHEIKH RASHID BIN SAEED AL- MAKTOUM WAS ELECTED VICE PRESIDENT.
THE CONSTITUTION OF UAE WAS ANNOUNCED ON 2 DECEMBER, 1971 THE DAY THE UNION WAS SET UP AND IT INCLUDED THE FOLLOWING THINGS.:
1. ISLAM IS THE OFFICIAL RELIGION OF THE STATE.
2. ARABIC IS THE OFFICIAL LANGUAGE OF THE STATE.
3. IT GUARANTEES THE FREEDOM AND EQUALITY OF ALL UAE NATIONALS.
THE SYSTEM OF RULE IN THE U.A.E
IT IS CLEARLY STATED IN THE CONSTITUTION THAT AUTHORITY IS LAID IN THE HANDS OF THE FOLLOWING:
1. THE UNION SUPREME COUNCIL.
2. THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNION AND THE VICE-PRESIDENT.
3. THE UNION CABINET.
4. THE UNION NATIONAL COUNCIL
5. THE UNION JURISDICTION.
THE UNION SUPREME COUNCIL
THERE ARE TWO FUNCTION OF UNION SUPREME COUNCIL
A. STATING THE GENERAL POLICY OF THE STATE.
B. APPROVING THE UNION LAW AND THE ANNUAL PUBLIC BUDGET.
THE PRESIDENT AND VICE PRESIDENT
THE UNION SUPREME COUNCIL ELECT THE PRESIDENT AND THE VICE PRESIDENT. ON 2nd DECEMBER 1971, HIS HIGHNESS SHEIKH ZAYED BIN SULTAN AL NAHYAN WAS ELECTED AS A PRESIDEN OF UNITED ARAB EMIRATES.
IN 1990, HIS HIGHNESS SHEIKH MAKTOUM BIN RASHID AL MAKTOUM WAS ELECTED AS A VICE- PRESIDENT AND PRIME MINISTER OF THE STATE AFTER THE DEATH OF HIS LATE FATHER HIS HIGHNESS SHEIKH RASHID BIN SAEED AL MAKTOUM.
IN 2004, HIS HIGHNESS SHEIK KHALICA BIN ZAYED AL NAHAYAN WAS ELECTED AS THE SECOND PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES.
THE UNION CABINET
THE CABINET CONSISTS OF THE PRIME MINISTER, THE DEPUTY PRIME MINISTER AND A NUMBER OF MINISTERS. THE FIRST UNION CABINET CONSISTED OF 12 MINISTERS. NOW IT CONSISTS OF 22 MINISTERS.
THE UNION NATIONAL COUNCIL
THIS COUNCIL CONSISTS OF 40 MEMBERS OF UAE CITIZEN. THE UNION NATIONAL COUNCIL IS RESPONSIBLE FOR DISCUSSION THE PUBLIC BUDGET AND THE LAWS REFERRED TO BY THE CABINET.
THE UNION JURISDICTIONS.
THE CONSTITUTION CONSIST OF NUMBER OF COURTS.
1. THE UNION SUPREME COURT
2. THE UNION ELEMENTARY COURTS.
THE DECLARATION OF THE FORMATION OF THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES ON THE 2nd OF DECEMBER 1971, WAS A GREAT EVENT IN THE HISTORY OF THE AREA, BECAUSE IT MEANT UNITY AND STRENGTH FOR THE ARAB NATION.
IN FEBRUARY 1968, THE RULERS OF ABU DHABI AND DUBAI HELD A MEETION TO DISCUSS UNITY BETWEEN THEIR TWO EMIRATES. THE MEETING WAS FOLLOWED BY A CALL TO THE RULERS OF THE OTHER EMIRATES IN THE GULF TO MEET TOGETHER AND DISCUSS THE ISSUE OF UNITY.
THE RULER OF SEVEN EMIRATES CALL THE QATAR AND BAHRAIN RULERS TO JOINED THEM.
ON THE 2nd DECEMBER 1971 THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES WAS ANNOUNCED AND ITS TEMPORARY CONSTITUTION ORGANIZE THE STATE, IT AUTHORITIES AND ITS TYPE OF RULE. AND HIS HIGHNESS SHEIKH ZAYED BIN SULTAN AL NAHYAN WAS ELECTED PRESIDENT OF THE COUNTRY, AND HIS HIGHNESS SHEIKH RASHID BIN SAEED AL- MAKTOUM WAS ELECTED VICE PRESIDENT.
THE CONSTITUTION OF UAE WAS ANNOUNCED ON 2 DECEMBER, 1971 THE DAY THE UNION WAS SET UP AND IT INCLUDED THE FOLLOWING THINGS.:
1. ISLAM IS THE OFFICIAL RELIGION OF THE STATE.
2. ARABIC IS THE OFFICIAL LANGUAGE OF THE STATE.
3. IT GUARANTEES THE FREEDOM AND EQUALITY OF ALL UAE NATIONALS.
THE SYSTEM OF RULE IN THE U.A.E
IT IS CLEARLY STATED IN THE CONSTITUTION THAT AUTHORITY IS LAID IN THE HANDS OF THE FOLLOWING:
1. THE UNION SUPREME COUNCIL.
2. THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNION AND THE VICE-PRESIDENT.
3. THE UNION CABINET.
4. THE UNION NATIONAL COUNCIL
5. THE UNION JURISDICTION.
THE UNION SUPREME COUNCIL
THERE ARE TWO FUNCTION OF UNION SUPREME COUNCIL
A. STATING THE GENERAL POLICY OF THE STATE.
B. APPROVING THE UNION LAW AND THE ANNUAL PUBLIC BUDGET.
THE PRESIDENT AND VICE PRESIDENT
THE UNION SUPREME COUNCIL ELECT THE PRESIDENT AND THE VICE PRESIDENT. ON 2nd DECEMBER 1971, HIS HIGHNESS SHEIKH ZAYED BIN SULTAN AL NAHYAN WAS ELECTED AS A PRESIDEN OF UNITED ARAB EMIRATES.
IN 1990, HIS HIGHNESS SHEIKH MAKTOUM BIN RASHID AL MAKTOUM WAS ELECTED AS A VICE- PRESIDENT AND PRIME MINISTER OF THE STATE AFTER THE DEATH OF HIS LATE FATHER HIS HIGHNESS SHEIKH RASHID BIN SAEED AL MAKTOUM.
IN 2004, HIS HIGHNESS SHEIK KHALICA BIN ZAYED AL NAHAYAN WAS ELECTED AS THE SECOND PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES.
THE UNION CABINET
THE CABINET CONSISTS OF THE PRIME MINISTER, THE DEPUTY PRIME MINISTER AND A NUMBER OF MINISTERS. THE FIRST UNION CABINET CONSISTED OF 12 MINISTERS. NOW IT CONSISTS OF 22 MINISTERS.
THE UNION NATIONAL COUNCIL
THIS COUNCIL CONSISTS OF 40 MEMBERS OF UAE CITIZEN. THE UNION NATIONAL COUNCIL IS RESPONSIBLE FOR DISCUSSION THE PUBLIC BUDGET AND THE LAWS REFERRED TO BY THE CABINET.
THE UNION JURISDICTIONS.
THE CONSTITUTION CONSIST OF NUMBER OF COURTS.
1. THE UNION SUPREME COURT
2. THE UNION ELEMENTARY COURTS.
LAWS OF MOTION
LAWS OF MOTION
THERE ARE THREE LAWS OF MOTION:
1. NEWTON'S FIRST LAW OF MOTION GIVES RISE TO THE IDEA OF INERTIA AND MOMENTUM.
2. NEWTON'S SECOND LAW OF MOTION DERIVES A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CAUSE AND QUALITY OF MOTION.
3. NEWTON'S THIRD LAW OF MOTION GIVES RISE TO THE IDEA OF CAUSE AND EFFECT(ACTION AND REACTION).
PRINCIPLE OF INTERIA
THE TENDENCY OF A BODY TO REMAIN IN THE STATE IT IS (STATIONERY OR MOVING), IS CALLED ITS INERTIA.
MOMENTUM
WHEN YOU CATCH A BALL THAT HAS BEEN THROWN TOWARDS YOU, YOU EXPERIENCE A CERTAIN IMPACT OR INFLUENCE OF FORCE AGAINST YOR PALMS. THIS IS BECAUSE A MOVING BODY HAS MOEMENTUM. THE MAGNITUDE OF THE MOMENTUM DEPENDS UPON TWO FACTORS:
1. THE MASS OF THE OBJECT (M)
THE MORE THE MASS (i.e., THE HEAVIER THE BODY), THE GREATER IS THE MOMENTUM POSSESSED BY THE BODY.
2. THE VELOCITY WITH WHICH THE BODY IS MOVING (V)
A BODY, MOVING WITH A HIGH VELOCITY, HAS A GREATER MOMENTUM.
THERE ARE THREE LAWS OF MOTION:
1. NEWTON'S FIRST LAW OF MOTION GIVES RISE TO THE IDEA OF INERTIA AND MOMENTUM.
2. NEWTON'S SECOND LAW OF MOTION DERIVES A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CAUSE AND QUALITY OF MOTION.
3. NEWTON'S THIRD LAW OF MOTION GIVES RISE TO THE IDEA OF CAUSE AND EFFECT(ACTION AND REACTION).
PRINCIPLE OF INTERIA
THE TENDENCY OF A BODY TO REMAIN IN THE STATE IT IS (STATIONERY OR MOVING), IS CALLED ITS INERTIA.
MOMENTUM
WHEN YOU CATCH A BALL THAT HAS BEEN THROWN TOWARDS YOU, YOU EXPERIENCE A CERTAIN IMPACT OR INFLUENCE OF FORCE AGAINST YOR PALMS. THIS IS BECAUSE A MOVING BODY HAS MOEMENTUM. THE MAGNITUDE OF THE MOMENTUM DEPENDS UPON TWO FACTORS:
1. THE MASS OF THE OBJECT (M)
THE MORE THE MASS (i.e., THE HEAVIER THE BODY), THE GREATER IS THE MOMENTUM POSSESSED BY THE BODY.
2. THE VELOCITY WITH WHICH THE BODY IS MOVING (V)
A BODY, MOVING WITH A HIGH VELOCITY, HAS A GREATER MOMENTUM.
Tuesday, March 2, 2010
KINEMATICS
KINEMATICS IS A BRANCH OF MECHANICS THAT STUDIES THE MOTION OF BODIES .A MOVING BODY IS ONE THAT CONTINOUSLY CHANES IT'S POSITION WITH RESPECT TO THE OBSERVER OR RECPECT TO ITS SRROUNDINGS .THERFORE IN ORDER TO STUDY OF PROPERTIES THE MOVING BODIES ,THE TIME TAKEN FOR CHANGES IN POSITION HAS TO BE MESURED AND RECORDED
VERY FEW THINGS MOVE AT THE SAME SPEED FOR LONG. MOVING CARS, AEROPLANES, PEOPLE AND ANIMALS ALL EVENTUALLY SPEED UP OR SLOW DOWN. ACCELERATION MEANS THAT A GREATER DISTANCE IS COVERED IN A SHORTER TIME. IN FACT, NEARLY EVERYTHING IN THE UNIVERSE IS CONSTANTLY ACCELERATING OR DECELERATING.
SPEED
SPEED IS DEFINED AS THE DISTANCE TRAVELLED BY A BODY IN UNIT TIME (1 SECOND OR 1 MINUTE OR 1 HOUR). SPEED IS A SCALAR QUANTITY.
DISTANCE
IT IS THE ACTUAL LENGTH OF THE PAT TAKEN BETWEEN TWO POINTS .THIS ACTUAL PATH NEED NOT HAVE FIXED DIRECTION
DISPLACEMENT
DISPLACMENT IS THE SHORTEST LEGHT IN A GIVEN DIRECTION BETWEEN TWO POINTS
VELOCITY
IS THE DISTANCE TRAVELLED BY A BODY IN UNIT TIME IN A GIVEN DIRECTION .VELOCITY IS A VECTOR QUANTITY.
ACCELERATION
ACCELERATION IS THE RATE OF CHANGE OF VELOCITY
GRAVTATIONAL ACCELERATION
GRAVITY IS THE FROCE WHICH PULLS ALL BODIES TOWARDS THE CENTRE OF THE EARTH KEEPS THE PLANET REVOLING ROUND THE SUN IN DEFINITE PATHS AND IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE WEIGHT OF ALL OBJECTS. WHEN THE BODY IS RELEASED FROM A HEIGHT ,ITS VELOCITY INCRESES AS GRAVITATIONAL FORCE PULLS IT TOWARDS THE EARTH.
VERY FEW THINGS MOVE AT THE SAME SPEED FOR LONG. MOVING CARS, AEROPLANES, PEOPLE AND ANIMALS ALL EVENTUALLY SPEED UP OR SLOW DOWN. ACCELERATION MEANS THAT A GREATER DISTANCE IS COVERED IN A SHORTER TIME. IN FACT, NEARLY EVERYTHING IN THE UNIVERSE IS CONSTANTLY ACCELERATING OR DECELERATING.
SPEED
SPEED IS DEFINED AS THE DISTANCE TRAVELLED BY A BODY IN UNIT TIME (1 SECOND OR 1 MINUTE OR 1 HOUR). SPEED IS A SCALAR QUANTITY.
DISTANCE
IT IS THE ACTUAL LENGTH OF THE PAT TAKEN BETWEEN TWO POINTS .THIS ACTUAL PATH NEED NOT HAVE FIXED DIRECTION
DISPLACEMENT
DISPLACMENT IS THE SHORTEST LEGHT IN A GIVEN DIRECTION BETWEEN TWO POINTS
VELOCITY
IS THE DISTANCE TRAVELLED BY A BODY IN UNIT TIME IN A GIVEN DIRECTION .VELOCITY IS A VECTOR QUANTITY.
ACCELERATION
ACCELERATION IS THE RATE OF CHANGE OF VELOCITY
GRAVTATIONAL ACCELERATION
GRAVITY IS THE FROCE WHICH PULLS ALL BODIES TOWARDS THE CENTRE OF THE EARTH KEEPS THE PLANET REVOLING ROUND THE SUN IN DEFINITE PATHS AND IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE WEIGHT OF ALL OBJECTS. WHEN THE BODY IS RELEASED FROM A HEIGHT ,ITS VELOCITY INCRESES AS GRAVITATIONAL FORCE PULLS IT TOWARDS THE EARTH.
MOTION
ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT SCIENTIFIC ACHIVEMENTS IN THE 17TH CENTURY HAS BEEN THE UNDERSTANDING MOTION .MOTION OCCURS WHEN AN OBJCT CHANGES ITS POSITION
ONE OF THE REASONS WHY THE EARLY SCOLARS COULD NOT STUDY THE PROPITIES OF MOVING WAS THE LACK OF AN ACCURATE CLOCK .WITHOUT A GOOD CLOCK THE TIME TAKEN FOR CHANGES IN POSITION COULD NOT BE MESURED AND OBSERVATIONS COULD NOT BE RECORDED .
THE ITALIAN SCIENTIST GALILEO WHO FIRST INVENTED A REASONABLY ACCURATE CLOCK .OR CURRANT KNOWLEDGE OF MOTION IS BASED ON THE LAWS PUT FORTH BY THE ENGLISH SCIENTIST SIR ISAAC NEWTON
UNTERSTANDING MOTION
MOTION IS THE CHANGE IN POSITION OF AN OBJECT WITH RESPECT TO THE OBSERVER .MOTION OCCURS WHEN AN OBJECT CHANGES ITS POSITION .MOTION IS RELATIVE WITH RESPECT TO THE OBSERVER
TYPES OF MOTION
1)TRANSALATORY MOTION -IS THAT IN WHICH ALL THE PARTICLES MOVE THROUGH THE SAME DISTANC IN THE SAME TIME
IN TRANSALOTARY MOTION THERE ARE TWO OTHER MOTION WHICH ARE
a)RECTILINER MOTION - IN RECTILINEAR MOTION THE BODY MOVES IN A STRAIGHT LINE
b)CURVILINEAR MOTION - IN CURVILINEAR MOTION THE BODY MOVES ALONG A CURVE LINE
2)ROTATRY MOTION-I THAT IN WHICH IN WHICH A BODY MOVES ABOUT A FIXED AXIS WITHOUT CHANGING ITS POSITION
3)OSCILLATORY MOTION -IS THAT IN WHICH A BODY MOVES TO AND FRO ABOUT ITS MEAN POSITION
4)VIBRATORY MOTION -IF THE OSCLLATRY MOTION IS VERY RAPID OR FAST ,IT IS CALL VIBRATORY MOTION
5)TIME MOTION -THE TIME TAKEN FOR ONE OSCILLATION IS CALLD TIME PERIOD
6)PERIODIC MOTION -TPERIODIC MOTION IS THAT WHICH REPEATS AFTER REGURAL INTERVALS OF TIME
THESE ARE SOME OF THE MOTION
ONE OF THE REASONS WHY THE EARLY SCOLARS COULD NOT STUDY THE PROPITIES OF MOVING WAS THE LACK OF AN ACCURATE CLOCK .WITHOUT A GOOD CLOCK THE TIME TAKEN FOR CHANGES IN POSITION COULD NOT BE MESURED AND OBSERVATIONS COULD NOT BE RECORDED .
THE ITALIAN SCIENTIST GALILEO WHO FIRST INVENTED A REASONABLY ACCURATE CLOCK .OR CURRANT KNOWLEDGE OF MOTION IS BASED ON THE LAWS PUT FORTH BY THE ENGLISH SCIENTIST SIR ISAAC NEWTON
UNTERSTANDING MOTION
MOTION IS THE CHANGE IN POSITION OF AN OBJECT WITH RESPECT TO THE OBSERVER .MOTION OCCURS WHEN AN OBJECT CHANGES ITS POSITION .MOTION IS RELATIVE WITH RESPECT TO THE OBSERVER
TYPES OF MOTION
1)TRANSALATORY MOTION -IS THAT IN WHICH ALL THE PARTICLES MOVE THROUGH THE SAME DISTANC IN THE SAME TIME
IN TRANSALOTARY MOTION THERE ARE TWO OTHER MOTION WHICH ARE
a)RECTILINER MOTION - IN RECTILINEAR MOTION THE BODY MOVES IN A STRAIGHT LINE
b)CURVILINEAR MOTION - IN CURVILINEAR MOTION THE BODY MOVES ALONG A CURVE LINE
2)ROTATRY MOTION-I THAT IN WHICH IN WHICH A BODY MOVES ABOUT A FIXED AXIS WITHOUT CHANGING ITS POSITION
3)OSCILLATORY MOTION -IS THAT IN WHICH A BODY MOVES TO AND FRO ABOUT ITS MEAN POSITION
4)VIBRATORY MOTION -IF THE OSCLLATRY MOTION IS VERY RAPID OR FAST ,IT IS CALL VIBRATORY MOTION
5)TIME MOTION -THE TIME TAKEN FOR ONE OSCILLATION IS CALLD TIME PERIOD
6)PERIODIC MOTION -TPERIODIC MOTION IS THAT WHICH REPEATS AFTER REGURAL INTERVALS OF TIME
THESE ARE SOME OF THE MOTION
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